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The best way to improve your English is by using English, not studying English. 

Welcome to our English blog! It presents a collection of educational resources which may be helpful in the study and preparation of English lessons in secondary schools.   

Materials are published as they are created and are constantly updated. 

(All posted resources are for non-commercial use.)

Unit 4

YOUTH and SOCIETY

Lesson 2. To be a part of something big

Look through  the list of youth organisations below. Which of them have you heard about?

Do you know their aims?

Watch the video "Top 5: Youth Organisations Building Peace"

Lesson 3. Making their mark

Look through the page from UKYP website/

Look through the twitter news of UKYP and learn about their aims.

Lesson 6. Make your choice

Grammar

Complex object

Сложное дополнение (complex object) — конструкция, состоящая из существительного или местоимения в косвенном падеже и инфинитива (с частицей to или без нее). В предложении сложное дополнение относится к смысловому глаголу (сказуемому). Давайте сравним примеры с простым дополнением и сложным:

I want a car. — Я хочу машину. (простое дополнение, выраженное существительным)
I want to buy a car. — Я хочу купить машину. (простое дополнение, выраженное инфинитивом)
I want Jamie to buy a car. — Я хочу, чтобы Джейми купил машину. (сложное дополнение, составленное из существительного и инфинитива)

Сложное дополнение позволяет избежать громоздких предложений и выразить мысль с помощью аккуратной грамматической конструкции. Такое дополнение может быть как утвердительным, так и отрицательным — частица not ставится перед частицей to:

I allow you not to go to school today. — Я разрешаю вам не ходить сегодня в школу.

Нужна ли частица to?

Все зависит от главного глагола в предложении. Например, глаголы to want (хотеть), to need (нуждаться), to invite (приглашать) образуют сложное дополнение с частицей to, а вот to see (видеть) или to hear (слышать) — без нее. Глаголы каждой группы придется запомнить.

Глаголы с to + Infinitive

К этой группе относятся большинство глаголов английского языка. В данном случае сложное дополнение может стоять в действительном залоге, а также вы можете использовать инфинитив страдательного залога (to be + Past Participle):

I need you to write this letter tonight. — Мне нужно, чтобы ты написал письмо сегодня вечером.
I need this letter to be written tonight. — Мне нужно, чтобы это письмо было написано сегодня вечером.

В таблице ниже вы найдете список наиболее распространенных и важных глаголов, с которыми используется сложное дополнение, а также примеры их употребления. Обратите внимание, что в составе сложного дополнения некоторые из глаголов могут иметь иные оттенки значения.

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод	Пример
to advise	советовать	I advise you to call your parents and have an open talk with them. — Я советую тебе позвонить родителям и поговорить с ними откровенно.
to allow	разрешать, позволять	She allowed me to bring some of my friends to her party. — Она разрешила мне привести нескольких друзей на вечеринку.
to ask	просить	They asked us to fill out some forms. — Они попросили нас заполнить несколько бланков.
to beg	умолять	He begged Mary not to tell their parents about the accident. — Он умолял Марию не рассказывать родителям о случившемся.
to cause	приводить к чему-то	Heavy rains caused our roof to start leaking. — Сильные дожди привели к тому, что наша крыша начала протекать.
to dare	бросать вызов, вызывать	I dare you to come and talk to me face to face. — Попробуй прийти и поговорить со мной напрямую.
to encourage	поощрять, поддерживать	The teacher encouraged her students to take part in the competition. — Учительница поддержала стремление студентов участвовать в соревнованиях.
to expect	ожидать	I expected you to do better in your exams. — Я ожидал, что ты сдашь экзамены более успешно.
to forbid	запрещать	My parents forbid me to go to parties. — Родители запрещают мне ходить на вечеринки.
to force	заставлять, вынуждать	The war forced them to leave their houses. — Война вынудила их покинуть свои дома.
to intend	намереваться, планировать	She intended her birthday party to be the best event of the year. — Она намеревалась сделать свой день рождения лучшим событием года.
to invite	приглашать	She invited us to have dinner in her house. — Она пригласила нас отужинать у нее дома.
to mean	иметь в виду, подразумевать	He meant his words to sound sincere. — Он хотел, чтобы его слова прозвучали искренне.
to need	нуждаться	I need you to post this letter to your grandmother. — Мне нужно, чтобы ты отправила бабушке это письмо.
to order	приказывать	The king ordered them to look for a fugitive. — Король приказал им найти беглеца.
to permit	разрешать	The doctors permitted him to spend the night in the hospital. — Врачи разрешили ему провести ночь в больнице.
to persuade	убеждать	She persuaded me to go to India on holiday. — Она убедила меня поехать в отпуск в Индию.
to recommend	рекомендовать	I recommend you to read Terms & Conditions carefully. — Я рекомендую тебе внимательно прочитать условия использования.
to remind	напоминать	She reminded me to water the flowers once in a while. — Она напомнила мне, чтобы я поливал цветы время от времени.
to require	требовать	My boss required me to hand in the report as quickly as possible. — Мой начальник потребовал, чтобы я сдал отчет как можно скорее.
to signal	подавать знак, сигнализировать	She signaled me to come to her. — Она подала мне знак, чтобы я подошел к ней.
to teach	учить	My mother taught me to swim when I was six. — Моя мама научила меня плавать, когда мне было шесть.
to tell	говорить	I told her not to waste time. — Я сказала, чтобы она не тратила время впустую.
to want	хотеть	My grandmother wants me to visit her when I’m on holiday. — Моя бабушка хочет, чтобы я ее навестил, когда буду в отпуске.
to warn	предупреждать, предостерегать	Police warned us not to open our door to strangers. — Полиция предупредила, чтобы мы не открывали дверь незнакомцам.
to wish	желать; надеяться	I wish him to be happy. — Я желаю ему быть счастливым. She wished her son to be a great success. — Она надеялась, что ее сын добьется большого успеха.
would like	хотеть	I would like you to come to my birthday party! — Я бы хотела, чтобы ты пришел ко мне на день рождения!

Глаголы, требующие Infinitive без to

Пожалуй, самые важные глаголы в этом списке — это to make (в значении «заставлять») и to let (позволять). Также к этой группе относятся глаголы восприятия.

She made me drink the medicine which tasted awful. — Она заставила меня выпить ужасное на вкус лекарство.
Our parents let us have a sleepover at Julie’s. — Родители разрешили нам переночевать в гостях у Джули.
Mary felt him touch her with his cold hand. — Мэри почувствовала, как он дотронулся до нее холодной рукой.

Обратите внимание на две особенности. Во-первых, сложное дополнение с инфинитивом может быть только в действительном залоге. Если вам требуется передать страдательный залог, используйте причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) вместо инфинитива:

I saw you talk to that boy in the street. — Я видела, что ты говорил с тем мальчиком на улице.
That boy was seen to talk to someone in the street. — Я видела, что кто-то разговаривал с тем мальчиком на улице.

Во-вторых, вместо инфинитива здесь может использоваться герундий (глагол с окончанием -ing), однако значение будет несколько отличаться. Инфинитив подчеркнет завершенность действия, а герундий — его продолжительность:

I saw her smile. — Я увидел, что она улыбнулась.
I saw her smiling. — Я увидел, что она улыбалась.

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод	Пример
to feel	чувствовать	I felt a snowflake fall on my face. — Я почувствовал, как снежинка упала мне на лицо.
to hear	слышать	I heard him cough during the night. — Я слышал, как он кашлял ночью.
to listen to	слушать	She listened to him sing. — Она послушала, как он поет.
to notice	замечать	Her mother noticed him take a cookie out of the cupboard. — Его мать заметила, что он достал из буфета печенье.
to observe	наблюдать	We observed big birds fly past us. — Мы наблюдали, как большие птицы пролетели мимо нас.
to see	видеть	I saw you talk to that boy on the street. — Я видела, как ты разговаривал с тем парнем на улице.
to watch	наблюдать, следить	They watched us read the rules. — Они проследили, что мы прочитали правила.

!!! В пассивных конструкциях употребляется to + Infinitive

You are allowed to take photos here. — Вам можно здесь делать фото.

!!! В пассивных конструкциях с завершенным действием  употребляется   to + Infinitive

She was seen to run into the house. — Было замечено, что она вбежала в дом.                                                                                                                        

Глагол to help

Глагол to help (помогать) допускает использование сложного дополнения как с частицей to, так и без нее — никакой смысловой или стилистической разницы между этими вариантами нет.

She helped me prepare for my driving exam. — Она помогла мне подготовиться к экзамену по вождению.
She helped me to prepare for my driving exam. — Она помогла мне подготовиться к экзамену по вождению.

Глагол to have

Если в сложном дополнении используется глагол to have (to have + местоимение в косвенным падеже / существительное + инфинитив глагола), такая конструкция будет означать «убедить/заставить/настоять, чтобы кто-то что-то сделал»:

I will have you do your homework on time! — Ты у меня сделаешь домашнюю работу во время!
My parents had us check our car properly before travelling to France. — Мои родители настояли, чтобы мы как следует проверили машину, прежде чем отправиться во Францию.

Test yourself online

Lesson 7. Be prepared

 Scouting facts for kids

Study more facts about Scouts

Unit 3.

SELF-EDUCATION

Lesson 1. Lifelong learning or learn 24/7 non-stop.

 

This exersice will help you to classify the wise quotes.

Famous quotes about education

What is IQ and EQ?

IQ is an acronym for Intelligence Quotient. So what is IQ? The IQ is a measurement of your intelligence and is expressed in a number.

A person's IQ can be calculated by having the person take an intelligence test. The average IQ is 100. If you achieve a score higher than 100, you are smarter than the average person, and a lower score means you are (somewhat) less smart.

EQ - Emotional intelligence

How successful you are at school or in your profession is not only determined by your IQ test score. Motivation, dedication, self-confidence and social skills also play a role. Academic intelligence should be considered to be a minimum requirement. It helps you get somewhere, for example to become a lawyer. However, to become a successful lawyer, you will also need some specific qualities that are related to emotional intelligence.

Aspects of emotional intelligence

The term 'emotional intelligence' refers to the way you manage emotions, whether they are your own or somebody else's. Daniel Goleman, originator of the emotional intelligence concept, distinguishes five specific aspects:

• Recognizing your own emotions;
• Managing your own emotions;
• Self-motivation;
• Recognizing others' emotions;
• Managing relationships.

Lesson 2. Learn by writing.

Lesson 3. Advice from a parent.

Look through grammar rules.

Lesson 5. Learn to be tolerant.

Verbs followed by gerund and infinitive

Verb + Gerund	Verb +Preposition +Gerund	Be  +Adjective +Preposition  +Gerund	Verb + Infinitive	Verb  +Inifinitive or Gerund
acknowledge	adapt to	be accustomed to	agree	attempt
admit	adjust to	be afraid of	aim	begin
advise	agree (with) on	be angry about	afford	can/can't bear
anticipate	apologize for	be ashamed of	appear	can/can't stand
appreciate	approve of	be capable of	arrange	cease
avoid	argue about	be certain about	ask	continue
consider	ask about	be concerned with	care	forget
defend	believe in	be critical of	choose	go on
defer	blame for	be discouraged from	claim	hate
delay	care about	be enthusiastic about	consent	like
deny	complain about	be familiar with	dare	love
detest	consist of	be famous for	decide	neglect
discuss	decided on	be fond of	decline	prefer
dislike	depend on	be glad about	demand	regret
endure	disapprove of	be good at	deserve	propose
enjoy	discourage from	be happy about	desire	remember
escape	engage in	be interested in	expect	see
excuse	forgive for	be known for	fail	start
feel like	give up	be nervous about	guarantee	stop
finish	help with	be perfect for	happen	try
go	inquire about	be proud of	hope
imagine	insist on	be responsible for	intend
involve	interfere with	be sad about	know
keep	keep on	be successful in	learn
mention	look forward to	be suitable for	manage
mind (object to)	object to	be tired of	need
miss	participate in	be tolerant of	offer
need (passive)	persist in	be upset about	plan
omit	plan on	be used to	pledge
postpone	prepare for	be useful for	prepare
Verb + Gerund	Verb +Preposition +Gerund	Be  +Adjective +Preposition  +Gerund	Verb + Infinitive	Verb  +Inifinitive or Gerund
practice	profit from	be worried about	pretend
prevent	prohibit from		promise
quit	put off		refuse
recall	result from		resolve
recollect	succeed in		seem
recommend	suffer from		tend
regret	talk about		struggle
resent	take part in		swear
resist	there's no point in		volunteer
resume	think about		wait
risk	warn about		want
suggest	work on		wish
tolerate	worry about		would like
understand

Lesson 7. Learn to solve problems and tackle projects.

1. Неопределенный артикль употребляется в устойчивых выражениях, к числу которых относятся:

• a lot of/a great number of – много,
• a few – несколько,
• a little – немного,
• all of a sudden – вдруг,
• at a speed of – со скоростью,
• at a time – за один раз,
• as a result of- в результате чего-либо,
• as a matter of fact – на самом деле, фактически,
• for a shot/long time – в течение короткого/долгого времени,
• to be in a harry – спешить,
• to be at a loss – быть в отчаянии,
• to go for a walk – идти на прогулку,
• to have a good time – веселиться/хорошо провести время,
• to have a cold – быть простуженным,
• to take a seat – сесть,
• in a low/loud voice – тихо, громко,
• to go for a walk – пойти погулять.

2. Определенный артикль употребляется в устойчивых выражениях, к числу которых относятся:

• in the morning/in the evening/in the afternoon – утром, вечером, днем,
• in the night – ночью,
• in the country – за городом,
• in the street – на улице,
• in the sun – на солнце,
• in the direction of – в направлении (чего-либо),
• in the east/ in the west/ in the north/ in the south – на востоке, западе, севере, юге,
• on the one/other hand – с одной, другой стороны,
• on the right/left – справа, слева,
• on the whole – в целом,
• on the way – по дороге,
• on the advice of – по совету,
• the day before yesterday – позавчера,
• the day after tomorrow – послезавтра,
• the other day – на днях,
• What is the time? – Который час?
• to go to the theatre/the cinema – ходить в театр, кино,
• to play the piano/the guitar – играть на пианино, гитаре,
• to tell the truth/the time – говорить правду, время,
• to run the risk – подвергаться риску.

3. Нулевой артикль (отсутствие артикля) в устойчивых выражениях.

at night/at day/at sunrise – ночью, днем, на рассвете,

at dinner/at breakfast/at supper – за обедом, завтраком, ужином,

at home – дома,

at school – в школе,

at work – за работой,

at first sight – с первого взгляда,

at piece/at was – в мире, в состоянии войны,

to be in great demand – пользоваться спросом,

to be in need – нуждаться,

by car/by bike/by train/by air – машиной, на велосипеде, поездом, самолетом и т.д.

by heart – на память,

by chance – случайно,

by mistake – по ошибке,

by name – по имени,

in any case – во всяком случае,

in time – вовремя,

in demand – в спросе,

in sight – в поле зрения,

in fact – в действительности,

in conclusion – в заключение,

on board a ship – на борту судна,

on deck – на палубе,

on demand – по требованию,

on credit – в кредит,

on sale – в продаже,

day after day – день за днем,

day and night – днем и ночью,

to be in bed – лежать в постели,

to go to bed – ложиться спать,

to go to school – ходить в школу,

from time to time – время от времени,

from head to foot – с головы до ног.

Gerunds after Preposition

Here is a good rule. It has no exceptions:

Prepositions are always followed by a noun-phrase.

If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund (which functions as a noun). It is impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition.

So, for example, we say:

• I will call you after arriving at the office.
  not I will call after to arrive at the office.
• Please have a drink before leaving.
• I am looking forward to meeting you.
• Do you object to working late?
• Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:

• I will call you after my arrival at the office.
• Please have a drink before your departure.
• I am looking forward to our lunch.
• Do you object to this job?
• Tara always dreams about holidays.

Unit 2

Education

Watch the video "Schools in  Britain"

Watch the video about Boarding schools in Great Britain

Education in Belarus

School enrollment in Belarus is about 1 million

Belarus has a well-regarded education system, including universities and further education institutions that attract numerous foreign students.

The Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations Development Program positioned Belarus at 60 out of 191 countries and territories in 2021/2022. Educational attainments play a huge role in this. The literacy rate of the adult population is one of the world’s highest (99.7%), while 98% of the country's population completed at least nine years of schooling. At present compulsory education requires eleven years spent in school.

Belarus has a three-tier education model:

• general education (pre-school education, secondary education, secondary vocational education, post-secondary vocational education, higher learning and post-graduate education);
• continuing education for children and adults;
• special needs education for people with special needs. 

Pre-school education

Pre-school education is not compulsory in Belarus but around 70% of children do attend nursery or kindergarten before they start school.

School education in Belarus

Most children in Belarus start school at the age of 6.

All pupils must follow the basic education curriculum up to the age of 15, and the vast majority of pupils stay at school until they finish their high school education at 18.

At the age of 15, pupils that have successfully completed basic education can attend college or professional technical institutions where they can focus on completing their high school education and work toward a professional certificate.

Completion of a high school or professional certificate allows students to apply to continue their education at the university level.

There are two official languages within the education system in Belarus, Russian and Belarusian.

Further education in Belarus

Belarus has one of the highest student-to-population ratios in Europe. The higher education system in Belarus is seen as prestigious due to its high quality and affordability.  

There are four main types of higher education establishments to choose from, which can be either private or state operated:

• classical university
• profile university or academy
• institute

In 2003, university admission tests were replaced by Centralized Testing (CT). It is held on certain days of June-July according to the schedule approved by the Education Ministry. To enter a university, an applicant needs to present up to three test certificates in different academic disciplines. The number  of certificates depends on the chosen specialty and presence of internal exams.

During the period of transition to Centralized Testing, the Education Ministry developed uniform admission rules taking into account the training programs of educational institutions. Other important reforms included the launch of the Classifier of Specialties and Qualifications, the higher education standards, and a 10-grade scale. The final stage was the adoption of the Education Code (2011).

In 2023, Belarus approved a new wording of the rules for the admission to general higher education institutions and specialist higher education institutions. The changes are aimed at improving the system of selection of applicants – talented and motivated young people will get additional opportunities. The main innovation is the introduction of Centralized Exams (CE) which serve as school graduation exams and at the same time as university admission exams.

This will significantly cut the number of tests an applicant has to take within several months. Two centralized exams – one in the Belarusian / Russian language and the other in a discipline of choice – will be mandatory for all school graduates. Centralized Testing (CT) will remain in place, but it will be mandatory only for those who want to enter a higher learning institution. The CE and CT will have the same form and level of complexity. Thus, to be enrolled at a higher learning institution, an applicant will need to present test certificates in three (two) academic disciplines. The average score of the school certificate will also be taken into account, and universities will be able to conduct their own internal exams or interviews.

Most courses run for 4-6 years. Aspiring students can choose one of several forms of learning. They can study during the day or evening, in-class or by distance education.

Grants are available for full-time students and scholarships are awarded to very gifted students.

All higher education establishments are governed by the Ministry of Education in Belarus.

In May 2015 Belarus officially joined the Bologna Process – the European Higher Education Area.

Can foreign students study at Belarusian universities?

Many foreign students study at higher educational institutions of Belarus. As a rule, education for foreign citizens in Belarus is fee-based. The cost depends on the chosen specialty, form of study and educational institution.

Terms of admission for foreign citizens and stateless persons:

• free of charge or on a fee basis - in line with international agreements of the Republic of Belarus;
• on a fee basis – based on the final performance review upon the completion of the pre-university training program required in Belarus;
• on a fee basis – based on an interview to establish the level of language proficiency that should be sufficient for mastering the educational program established by the Education Ministry, and also based on additional interviews or physical fitness tests, the procedure for which is established by higher education institutions.

Test yourself online

Verbs followed by gerund and infinitive

Verbs followed by gerund and infinitive

Verb + Gerund	Verb +Preposition +Gerund	Be  +Adjective +Preposition  +Gerund	Verb + Infinitive	Verb  +Inifinitive or Gerund
acknowledge	adapt to	be accustomed to	agree	attempt
admit	adjust to	be afraid of	aim	begin
advise	agree (with) on	be angry about	afford	can/can't bear
anticipate	apologize for	be ashamed of	appear	can/can't stand
appreciate	approve of	be capable of	arrange	cease
avoid	argue about	be certain about	ask	continue
consider	ask about	be concerned with	care	forget
defend	believe in	be critical of	choose	go on
defer	blame for	be discouraged from	claim	hate
delay	care about	be enthusiastic about	consent	like
deny	complain about	be familiar with	dare	love
detest	consist of	be famous for	decide	neglect
discuss	decided on	be fond of	decline	prefer
dislike	depend on	be glad about	demand	regret
endure	disapprove of	be good at	deserve	propose
enjoy	discourage from	be happy about	desire	remember
escape	engage in	be interested in	expect	see
excuse	forgive for	be known for	fail	start
feel like	give up	be nervous about	guarantee	stop
finish	help with	be perfect for	happen	try
go	inquire about	be proud of	hope
imagine	insist on	be responsible for	intend
involve	interfere with	be sad about	know
keep	keep on	be successful in	learn
mention	look forward to	be suitable for	manage
mind (object to)	object to	be tired of	need
miss	participate in	be tolerant of	offer
need (passive)	persist in	be upset about	plan
omit	plan on	be used to	pledge
postpone	prepare for	be useful for	prepare
Verb + Gerund	Verb +Preposition +Gerund	Be  +Adjective +Preposition  +Gerund	Verb + Infinitive	Verb  +Inifinitive or Gerund
practice	profit from	be worried about	pretend
prevent	prohibit from		promise
quit	put off		refuse
recall	result from		resolve
recollect	succeed in		seem
recommend	suffer from		tend
regret	talk about		struggle
resent	take part in		swear
resist	there's no point in		volunteer
resume	think about		wait
risk	warn about		want
suggest	work on		wish
tolerate	worry about		would like
understand

Check yourself

Different types of houses

Top 10 facts

1. When people think about their home, everyone is thinking about a different place.
2. The area around your home is called your ‘neighbourhood’ and the people who live there are your ‘neighbours’.
3. No matter what point in history you look at, people had homes. Finding parts of those homes today can tell us a lot about past societies.
4. Wild animals have homes too – this may be a cave, tree, den or nest.
5. Some homes that people live in today look different from each other because they were built at different times.
6. You can guess when a house was built just by looking at how it was made, such as whether the roof is thatched or has tiles.
7. Houses can be built from a number of different materials, but some materials are better to use than others because they keep out wind and rain well.
8. Houses are described as ‘terraced’, ‘semi-detached’ or ‘detached’ depending on whether they are joined with houses on both sides, on only one side or aren’t joined at all.
9. Victorian factory owners built lots of rows of small houses so that the people who worked in their factories could live close by. Many of the houses people live in in Britain today are old Victorian terraces.
10. Flats can be a convenient kind of home for people who don’t need a whole house. Sometimes large old buildings are split into flats or a whole new building will be constructed with lots of flats in it.

Did you know?

• Your home is where you feel comfortable and safe – it can be where your bedroom is, where your family is, or where all your toys and games are.
• Homes can be anything from houses and flats to cottages and caravans. They can be permanent, meaning you can’t pick it up and move it, or temporary, like a tent. They can also be different all over the world. What is your home like?
• Some homes look different now than they did centuries ago, but they are still used for the same reasons – somewhere to keep warm, dry and safe when they didn’t want to be outdoors.
• A flat can be a home, but not a house – it’s part of a house or a larger building.
• A caravan is a home that has wheels, so it can move around.
• Houses are made up of a few different things. They all have walls that stand up straight and make the house's shape, and a roof that covers the walls and keeps rain from coming in. There might be a chimney if the house has a fireplace, and a garage for keeping the car in.
• Wild animals have homes too, and those are just as different as the ones humans live in. Some animals build their homes out of mud or sticks, and some live in rock caves. Fish live in water homes, while birds like to live above ground in nests in trees.
• Some materials are better for building houses than others. For example, bricks and stone are strong, and fireproof. Cloth doesn’t keep water out, and it can break easily. Straight wood planks can stand side-by-side and keep out wind and rain, while sticks are all different sizes shapes and will leave a lot of holes. If you could build a house out of anything, what would you choose?

Presentation TYPES OF HOUSES

Singular and plural nouns

Check yourself

 Watch the video lessons to study the topic

How has the social media revolution changed the way a popular series is made?

(watch the video and do the tasks)

Reported Speech. Study the rule

   NEWS FROM BELARUS

Lesson 1. Education in Belarus

The Belarusian Education System

Watch the video about Education in Belarus

Answer the questions about education in Belarus.

§  Is pre-school education compulsory in Belarus?

§  At what age do most children start school in Belarus?

§  How many grades do they have?

§  How many terms and vacations is the school year divided into?

§  Is basic education compulsory in Belarus?

§  At what age do most children finish secondary school in Belarus?

§  Can foreign students study at universities in Belarus?

Watch the video "Science in our everyday life"

Watch the video and get to know more about Modern Cloning Techniques

Grammar

Future Continuous

Check yourself online

What is nanotechnology?

Get more information about famous scientists

Check your knowledge about famous scientists

Do the Science Quiz

Quiz-game. Scientific discoveries

Unit 5

Open me👉 Lesson 1

Watch the video "What is Art?"
And try to answer this question.

Study the Presentation about Marc Chagall

What is graffiti? Art or vandalism?

Grammar. Past Perfect Continuous

What jobs in Art do you know?

Unit 4
YOUTH and SOCIETY

Lesson 2. To be a part of something big

Look through  the list of youth organisations below. Which of them have you heard about?

Do you know their aims?

Watch the video "Top 5: Youth Organisations Building Peace"

Lesson 3. Making their mark

Look through the page from UKYP website/

Look through the twitter news of UKYP and learn about their aims.

Lesson 6. Make your choice

Grammar

Complex object

Сложное дополнение (complex object) — конструкция, состоящая из существительного или местоимения в косвенном падеже и инфинитива (с частицей to или без нее). В предложении сложное дополнение относится к смысловому глаголу (сказуемому). Давайте сравним примеры с простым дополнением и сложным:

I want a car. — Я хочу машину. (простое дополнение, выраженное существительным)
I want to buy a car. — Я хочу купить машину. (простое дополнение, выраженное инфинитивом)
I want Jamie to buy a car. — Я хочу, чтобы Джейми купил машину. (сложное дополнение, составленное из существительного и инфинитива)

Сложное дополнение позволяет избежать громоздких предложений и выразить мысль с помощью аккуратной грамматической конструкции. Такое дополнение может быть как утвердительным, так и отрицательным — частица not ставится перед частицей to:

I allow you not to go to school today. — Я разрешаю вам не ходить сегодня в школу.

Нужна ли частица to?

Все зависит от главного глагола в предложении. Например, глаголы to want (хотеть), to need (нуждаться), to invite (приглашать) образуют сложное дополнение с частицей to, а вот to see (видеть) или to hear (слышать) — без нее. Глаголы каждой группы придется запомнить.

Глаголы с to + Infinitive

К этой группе относятся большинство глаголов английского языка. В данном случае сложное дополнение может стоять в действительном залоге, а также вы можете использовать инфинитив страдательного залога (to be + Past Participle):

I need you to write this letter tonight. — Мне нужно, чтобы ты написал письмо сегодня вечером.
I need this letter to be written tonight. — Мне нужно, чтобы это письмо было написано сегодня вечером.

В таблице ниже вы найдете список наиболее распространенных и важных глаголов, с которыми используется сложное дополнение, а также примеры их употребления. Обратите внимание, что в составе сложного дополнения некоторые из глаголов могут иметь иные оттенки значения.

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод	Пример
to advise	советовать	I advise you to call your parents and have an open talk with them. — Я советую тебе позвонить родителям и поговорить с ними откровенно.
to allow	разрешать, позволять	She allowed me to bring some of my friends to her party. — Она разрешила мне привести нескольких друзей на вечеринку.
to ask	просить	They asked us to fill out some forms. — Они попросили нас заполнить несколько бланков.
to beg	умолять	He begged Mary not to tell their parents about the accident. — Он умолял Марию не рассказывать родителям о случившемся.
to cause	приводить к чему-то	Heavy rains caused our roof to start leaking. — Сильные дожди привели к тому, что наша крыша начала протекать.
to dare	бросать вызов, вызывать	I dare you to come and talk to me face to face. — Попробуй прийти и поговорить со мной напрямую.
to encourage	поощрять, поддерживать	The teacher encouraged her students to take part in the competition. — Учительница поддержала стремление студентов участвовать в соревнованиях.
to expect	ожидать	I expected you to do better in your exams. — Я ожидал, что ты сдашь экзамены более успешно.
to forbid	запрещать	My parents forbid me to go to parties. — Родители запрещают мне ходить на вечеринки.
to force	заставлять, вынуждать	The war forced them to leave their houses. — Война вынудила их покинуть свои дома.
to intend	намереваться, планировать	She intended her birthday party to be the best event of the year. — Она намеревалась сделать свой день рождения лучшим событием года.
to invite	приглашать	She invited us to have dinner in her house. — Она пригласила нас отужинать у нее дома.
to mean	иметь в виду, подразумевать	He meant his words to sound sincere. — Он хотел, чтобы его слова прозвучали искренне.
to need	нуждаться	I need you to post this letter to your grandmother. — Мне нужно, чтобы ты отправила бабушке это письмо.
to order	приказывать	The king ordered them to look for a fugitive. — Король приказал им найти беглеца.
to permit	разрешать	The doctors permitted him to spend the night in the hospital. — Врачи разрешили ему провести ночь в больнице.
to persuade	убеждать	She persuaded me to go to India on holiday. — Она убедила меня поехать в отпуск в Индию.
to recommend	рекомендовать	I recommend you to read Terms & Conditions carefully. — Я рекомендую тебе внимательно прочитать условия использования.
to remind	напоминать	She reminded me to water the flowers once in a while. — Она напомнила мне, чтобы я поливал цветы время от времени.
to require	требовать	My boss required me to hand in the report as quickly as possible. — Мой начальник потребовал, чтобы я сдал отчет как можно скорее.
to signal	подавать знак, сигнализировать	She signaled me to come to her. — Она подала мне знак, чтобы я подошел к ней.
to teach	учить	My mother taught me to swim when I was six. — Моя мама научила меня плавать, когда мне было шесть.
to tell	говорить	I told her not to waste time. — Я сказала, чтобы она не тратила время впустую.
to want	хотеть	My grandmother wants me to visit her when I’m on holiday. — Моя бабушка хочет, чтобы я ее навестил, когда буду в отпуске.
to warn	предупреждать, предостерегать	Police warned us not to open our door to strangers. — Полиция предупредила, чтобы мы не открывали дверь незнакомцам.
to wish	желать; надеяться	I wish him to be happy. — Я желаю ему быть счастливым. She wished her son to be a great success. — Она надеялась, что ее сын добьется большого успеха.
would like	хотеть	I would like you to come to my birthday party! — Я бы хотела, чтобы ты пришел ко мне на день рождения!

Глаголы, требующие Infinitive без to

Пожалуй, самые важные глаголы в этом списке — это to make (в значении «заставлять») и to let (позволять). Также к этой группе относятся глаголы восприятия.

She made me drink the medicine which tasted awful. — Она заставила меня выпить ужасное на вкус лекарство.
Our parents let us have a sleepover at Julie’s. — Родители разрешили нам переночевать в гостях у Джули.
Mary felt him touch her with his cold hand. — Мэри почувствовала, как он дотронулся до нее холодной рукой.

Обратите внимание на две особенности. Во-первых, сложное дополнение с инфинитивом может быть только в действительном залоге. Если вам требуется передать страдательный залог, используйте причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) вместо инфинитива:

I saw you talk to that boy in the street. — Я видела, что ты говорил с тем мальчиком на улице.
That boy was seen to talk to someone in the street. — Я видела, что кто-то разговаривал с тем мальчиком на улице.

Во-вторых, вместо инфинитива здесь может использоваться герундий (глагол с окончанием -ing), однако значение будет несколько отличаться. Инфинитив подчеркнет завершенность действия, а герундий — его продолжительность:

I saw her smile. — Я увидел, что она улыбнулась.
I saw her smiling. — Я увидел, что она улыбалась.

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод	Пример
to feel	чувствовать	I felt a snowflake fall on my face. — Я почувствовал, как снежинка упала мне на лицо.
to hear	слышать	I heard him cough during the night. — Я слышал, как он кашлял ночью.
to listen to	слушать	She listened to him sing. — Она послушала, как он поет.
to notice	замечать	Her mother noticed him take a cookie out of the cupboard. — Его мать заметила, что он достал из буфета печенье.
to observe	наблюдать	We observed big birds fly past us. — Мы наблюдали, как большие птицы пролетели мимо нас.
to see	видеть	I saw you talk to that boy on the street. — Я видела, как ты разговаривал с тем парнем на улице.
to watch	наблюдать, следить	They watched us read the rules. — Они проследили, что мы прочитали правила.

!!! В пассивных конструкциях употребляется to + Infinitive

You are allowed to take photos here. — Вам можно здесь делать фото.

!!! В пассивных конструкциях с завершенным действием  употребляется   to + Infinitive

She was seen to run into the house. — Было замечено, что она вбежала в дом.                                                                                                                        

Глагол to help

Глагол to help (помогать) допускает использование сложного дополнения как с частицей to, так и без нее — никакой смысловой или стилистической разницы между этими вариантами нет.

She helped me prepare for my driving exam. — Она помогла мне подготовиться к экзамену по вождению.
She helped me to prepare for my driving exam. — Она помогла мне подготовиться к экзамену по вождению.

Глагол to have

Если в сложном дополнении используется глагол to have (to have + местоимение в косвенным падеже / существительное + инфинитив глагола), такая конструкция будет означать «убедить/заставить/настоять, чтобы кто-то что-то сделал»:

I will have you do your homework on time! — Ты у меня сделаешь домашнюю работу во время!
My parents had us check our car properly before travelling to France. — Мои родители настояли, чтобы мы как следует проверили машину, прежде чем отправиться во Францию.

Test yourself online

Lesson 7. Be prepared

 Scouting facts for kids

Study more facts about Scouts

Unit 3.

SELF-EDUCATION

Lesson 1. Lifelong learning or learn 24/7 non-stop.

 

This exersice will help you to classify the wise quotes.

Famous quotes about education

What is IQ and EQ?

IQ is an acronym for Intelligence Quotient. So what is IQ? The IQ is a measurement of your intelligence and is expressed in a number.

A person's IQ can be calculated by having the person take an intelligence test. The average IQ is 100. If you achieve a score higher than 100, you are smarter than the average person, and a lower score means you are (somewhat) less smart.

EQ - Emotional intelligence

How successful you are at school or in your profession is not only determined by your IQ test score. Motivation, dedication, self-confidence and social skills also play a role. Academic intelligence should be considered to be a minimum requirement. It helps you get somewhere, for example to become a lawyer. However, to become a successful lawyer, you will also need some specific qualities that are related to emotional intelligence.

Aspects of emotional intelligence

The term 'emotional intelligence' refers to the way you manage emotions, whether they are your own or somebody else's. Daniel Goleman, originator of the emotional intelligence concept, distinguishes five specific aspects:

• Recognizing your own emotions;
• Managing your own emotions;
• Self-motivation;
• Recognizing others' emotions;
• Managing relationships.

Lesson 2. Learn by writing.

Lesson 3. Advice from a parent.

Look through grammar rules.

 

Lesson 5. Learn to be tolerant.

Verbs followed by gerund and infinitive

Verb + Gerund	Verb +Preposition +Gerund	Be  +Adjective +Preposition  +Gerund	Verb + Infinitive	Verb  +Inifinitive or Gerund
acknowledge	adapt to	be accustomed to	agree	attempt
admit	adjust to	be afraid of	aim	begin
advise	agree (with) on	be angry about	afford	can/can't bear
anticipate	apologize for	be ashamed of	appear	can/can't stand
appreciate	approve of	be capable of	arrange	cease
avoid	argue about	be certain about	ask	continue
consider	ask about	be concerned with	care	forget
defend	believe in	be critical of	choose	go on
defer	blame for	be discouraged from	claim	hate
delay	care about	be enthusiastic about	consent	like
deny	complain about	be familiar with	dare	love
detest	consist of	be famous for	decide	neglect
discuss	decided on	be fond of	decline	prefer
dislike	depend on	be glad about	demand	regret
endure	disapprove of	be good at	deserve	propose
enjoy	discourage from	be happy about	desire	remember
escape	engage in	be interested in	expect	see
excuse	forgive for	be known for	fail	start
feel like	give up	be nervous about	guarantee	stop
finish	help with	be perfect for	happen	try
go	inquire about	be proud of	hope
imagine	insist on	be responsible for	intend
involve	interfere with	be sad about	know
keep	keep on	be successful in	learn
mention	look forward to	be suitable for	manage
mind (object to)	object to	be tired of	need
miss	participate in	be tolerant of	offer
need (passive)	persist in	be upset about	plan
omit	plan on	be used to	pledge
postpone	prepare for	be useful for	prepare
Verb + Gerund	Verb +Preposition +Gerund	Be  +Adjective +Preposition  +Gerund	Verb + Infinitive	Verb  +Inifinitive or Gerund
practice	profit from	be worried about	pretend
prevent	prohibit from		promise
quit	put off		refuse
recall	result from		resolve
recollect	succeed in		seem
recommend	suffer from		tend
regret	talk about		struggle
resent	take part in		swear
resist	there's no point in		volunteer
resume	think about		wait
risk	warn about		want
suggest	work on		wish
tolerate	worry about		would like
understand

Lesson 7. Learn to solve problems and tackle projects.

1. Неопределенный артикль употребляется в устойчивых выражениях, к числу которых относятся:

• a lot of/a great number of – много,
• a few – несколько,
• a little – немного,
• all of a sudden – вдруг,
• at a speed of – со скоростью,
• at a time – за один раз,
• as a result of- в результате чего-либо,
• as a matter of fact – на самом деле, фактически,
• for a shot/long time – в течение короткого/долгого времени,
• to be in a harry – спешить,
• to be at a loss – быть в отчаянии,
• to go for a walk – идти на прогулку,
• to have a good time – веселиться/хорошо провести время,
• to have a cold – быть простуженным,
• to take a seat – сесть,
• in a low/loud voice – тихо, громко,
• to go for a walk – пойти погулять.

2. Определенный артикль употребляется в устойчивых выражениях, к числу которых относятся:

• in the morning/in the evening/in the afternoon – утром, вечером, днем,
• in the night – ночью,
• in the country – за городом,
• in the street – на улице,
• in the sun – на солнце,
• in the direction of – в направлении (чего-либо),
• in the east/ in the west/ in the north/ in the south – на востоке, западе, севере, юге,
• on the one/other hand – с одной, другой стороны,
• on the right/left – справа, слева,
• on the whole – в целом,
• on the way – по дороге,
• on the advice of – по совету,
• the day before yesterday – позавчера,
• the day after tomorrow – послезавтра,
• the other day – на днях,
• What is the time? – Который час?
• to go to the theatre/the cinema – ходить в театр, кино,
• to play the piano/the guitar – играть на пианино, гитаре,
• to tell the truth/the time – говорить правду, время,
• to run the risk – подвергаться риску.

3. Нулевой артикль (отсутствие артикля) в устойчивых выражениях.

at night/at day/at sunrise – ночью, днем, на рассвете,

at dinner/at breakfast/at supper – за обедом, завтраком, ужином,

at home – дома,

at school – в школе,

at work – за работой,

at first sight – с первого взгляда,

at piece/at was – в мире, в состоянии войны,

to be in great demand – пользоваться спросом,

to be in need – нуждаться,

by car/by bike/by train/by air – машиной, на велосипеде, поездом, самолетом и т.д.

by heart – на память,

by chance – случайно,

by mistake – по ошибке,

by name – по имени,

in any case – во всяком случае,

in time – вовремя,

in demand – в спросе,

in sight – в поле зрения,

in fact – в действительности,

in conclusion – в заключение,

on board a ship – на борту судна,

on deck – на палубе,

on demand – по требованию,

on credit – в кредит,

on sale – в продаже,

day after day – день за днем,

day and night – днем и ночью,

to be in bed – лежать в постели,

to go to bed – ложиться спать,

to go to school – ходить в школу,

from time to time – время от времени,

from head to foot – с головы до ног.

Gerunds after Preposition

Here is a good rule. It has no exceptions:

Prepositions are always followed by a noun-phrase.

If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund (which functions as a noun). It is impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition.

So, for example, we say:

• I will call you after arriving at the office.
  not I will call after to arrive at the office.
• Please have a drink before leaving.
• I am looking forward to meeting you.
• Do you object to working late?
• Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:

• I will call you after my arrival at the office.
• Please have a drink before your departure.
• I am looking forward to our lunch.
• Do you object to this job?
• Tara always dreams about holidays.

Grammar. Past Perfect Continuous

What jobs in Art do you know?

EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

WATCH THE VIDEO The British school system

WATCH THE VIDEO: Boarding schools in the UK

CONDITIONALS

Let's train and practice CONDITIONALS

Let's train and practice

 INFINITIVE AND GERUND

Lesson 3. Visiting exhibitions

10 Reasons to visit an Exhibition

 Grammar

The Plural of Nouns

Regular Plural Forms

We form the plural of a noun with the singular + s
parrot – parrots	apple – apples	girl – girls
Nouns ending with y if a consonant is written before. ----> ies
lolly – lollies	story – stories	strawberry – strawberries
but: boy – boys	toy - toys	bay - bays
Nouns ending with ch, x, s, sh, o ----> es
class – classes	brush – brushes	box – boxes
Some nouns ending with f, fe, lf ----> ves
knife – knives	wolf – wolves	life – lives
but: chiefs, safes, cliffs, handkerchiefs

Irregular Plural Forms

man - men	woman - women	tooth - teeth
goose - geese	ox - oxen	louse - lice
foot - feet	mouse - mice	child - children
person - people
Some nouns are identical to the singular form
bison - bison	deer - deer	sheep - sheep
fish - fish	moose - moose	offspring - offspring
series – series	species - species

Special Plural Nouns

You can use singular or plural with nouns like family, class, police, team, army, band, choir, class, club, crew, company, firm, gang, government, orchestra, party, staff, etc.
In British English the plural is used more often than in American English.
If the group acts in unison (as a group), use a singular verb:
My family lives in Miami.	All the members living under one roof.
The team was successful.	You see the team as a group.
If the group acts individually, use a plural verb:
My family live in towns all over Florida.	Each individual is living a separate life in a different town.
The team were successful.	You see the single members of the team.

 

Test yourself

Lesson 4. Mass media in Belarus

Mass media in Belarus

Watch the video "What is Art?"

Study the Presentation about Marc Chagall

What is graffiti? Art or vandalism?

Grammar. Past Perfect Continuous

What jobs in Art do you know?

Houses and homes

Top 10 facts

1. When people think about their home, everyone is thinking about a different place.
2. The area around your home is called your ‘neighbourhood’ and the people who live there are your ‘neighbours’.
3. No matter what point in history you look at, people had homes. Finding parts of those homes today can tell us a lot about past societies.
4. Wild animals have homes too – this may be a cave, tree, den or nest.
5. Some homes that people live in today look different from each other because they were built at different times.
6. You can guess when a house was built just by looking at how it was made, such as whether the roof is thatched or has tiles.
7. Houses can be built from a number of different materials, but some materials are better to use than others because they keep out wind and rain well.
8. Houses are described as ‘terraced’, ‘semi-detached’ or ‘detached’ depending on whether they are joined with houses on both sides, on only one side or aren’t joined at all.
9. Victorian factory owners built lots of rows of small houses so that the people who worked in their factories could live close by. Many of the houses people live in in Britain today are old Victorian terraces.
10. Flats can be a convenient kind of home for people who don’t need a whole house. Sometimes large old buildings are split into flats or a whole new building will be constructed with lots of flats in it.

Different types of houses

Did you know?

• Your home is where you feel comfortable and safe – it can be where your bedroom is, where your family is, or where all your toys and games are.
• Homes can be anything from houses and flats to cottages and caravans. They can be permanent, meaning you can’t pick it up and move it, or temporary, like a tent. They can also be different all over the world. What is your home like?
• Some homes look different now than they did centuries ago, but they are still used for the same reasons – somewhere to keep warm, dry and safe when they didn’t want to be outdoors.
• A flat can be a home, but not a house – it’s part of a house or a larger building.
• A caravan is a home that has wheels, so it can move around.
• Houses are made up of a few different things. They all have walls that stand up straight and make the house's shape, and a roof that covers the walls and keeps rain from coming in. There might be a chimney if the house has a fireplace, and a garage for keeping the car in.
• Wild animals have homes too, and those are just as different as the ones humans live in. Some animals build their homes out of mud or sticks, and some live in rock caves. Fish live in water homes, while birds like to live above ground in nests in trees.
• Some materials are better for building houses than others. For example, bricks and stone are strong, and fireproof. Cloth doesn’t keep water out, and it can break easily. Straight wood planks can stand side-by-side and keep out wind and rain, while sticks are all different sizes shapes and will leave a lot of holes. If you could build a house out of anything, what would you choose?

Presentation TYPES OF HOUSES

Singular and plural nouns

Check yourself